Executive-led system is undoubtedly a product of the colonial political culture in order to strengthen the sovereign’s control of the colony. After the reunification of Macao, retaining the executive-led system is because of the compatibility with the policy of "one country two systems", as well as the need of maintaining the stable development of Macao SAR. The reason is a stable government is based on a steady political system. If there is some defects of the political system, it may result in frequent replacement of government, and endanger the social stability. As Mr. Wu Bang Guo said: " The political system of Macao Special Administrative Region is executive-led, which is besides having checks and balances between executive and legislature, they also cooperate with each other, and judicial independence. Such political system retains the effectual part of the original political system of Macao, and also satisfies the necessity after the reunification, it is the best form of political organization to achieve “Macao people administering Macao” and “ high degree of autonomy”. However, we could not find the expression of “executive-led” in “Basic Law of Macao Special Administrative Region”, but this principle is implemented in the administrative system regulated in the articles of “Basic Law”. Nevertheless, if the dominance of the executive power is free from the constraints of the legislative and judicial powers, it will definitely cause unhealthy social development, the policies would lack of support of the citizenry, and finally result in social unrest. Fortunately, related to the executive-led system, there are regulations about the supervision by the Chinese government and the society, as well as the independence of the administrative, legislative and judicial authorities, and the checks of balances between each other. The arising problems reveal the insufficiency of the supervision in practice, so it is necessary to be improved. Therefore, this study introduces the content and the origin of the executive-led system, as well as the historical development of the checks of balances thoughts, in order to represent the executive-led system and the mechanism of checks of balances, and the relationship between the checks and balances of separated powers and the checks and balances; Focus on the supervision and constraints of the executive authority, V trying to compare the mechanism of checks and balances of the executive-led system between Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR under the perspective of historical, cultural and social factors, hoping to learn from the experience and lessons. In addition, attempting to make some suggestions of improving the mechanism of checks and balances of the executive-led system. In conclusion, the improvement of the mechanism of supervision by legislative authority, strengthening mutual cooperation between the legislative and executive authorities, the reform of public administration, and the implementation of the principle of balanced participation are the canals of improving the supervision of executive authority. Achieving effective supervision by constructing a benign interaction, in order to ensure that the executive-led system runs orderly, effective and standardized. Key words: executive-led, checks and balances, basic law, supervision

行政主導體制無疑是殖民地政治文化的產物，目的是為了加強主權國對殖民 地的控制。澳門回歸祖國後，繼續保留行政主導體制，既是與“一國兩制”方針相配 合，也是維護特別行政區穩定發展的需要。理由是有穩定的政治制度，才有穩定 的政府。如果政治制度存在缺陷，則可能導致政府頻繁更換，影響社會的安定。 正如吳邦國所言：“澳門特別行政區實行以行政為主導的政治體制，行政與立法既 互相制衡，又互相配合，司法獨立。這套政治體制既保留了澳門原有政治體制中 行之有效的部分，也適應了澳門回歸祖國後的現實需要，是實現“澳人治澳”、“高 度自治”最好的政權組織形式”。 然而，細看《澳門特別行政區基本法》，完全找不到“行政主導”的字眼，但 《基本法》規定的政治體制中卻確實貫穿了這一原則，其內涵完全可於條文 中得到充分的體現。但倘若行政權獨大而不受立法權及司法權的制約及配合，肯 定會造成社會發展不健康，推行之政策欠缺民意的支持，進而造成社會的動蕩。 幸而，《澳門基本法》就以行政長官為核心的行政主導體制，對中央及社會的監 督，以及行政、立法及司法機關之間的互相獨立及互相制約作出明確的規範。在 實踐過程中衍生的問題仍反映著監督制約的不足，故仍存在值得改善的地方。 因此，本文從行政主導體制的內涵及淵源，以及權力制衡思想的歷史發展方 面對行政主導體制與權力制衡機制作出介紹，並分析分權制衡與權力制衡之關係； 重點從行政權的監督制約方面作出探討，並嘗試從歷史、文化及社會因素的角度 對本澳與香港的行政主導體制的權力制衡機制作比較分析，盼能就相關經驗及教 訓有所借鑒。此外，亦試就完善行政主導體制的權力制衡機制提出建議。 總括而言，健全和完善行政主導體制下的行政權的制約與監督，應當從完善 立法監督機制、加強立法機關與行政機關的互相配合、深化公共行政改革等方面 入手，並落實均衡參與原則。通過構建良性的互動關係，實現對行政權的有效控 制與監督，保證行政主導體制在法治的軌道上有序、有效和規範運行。 關鍵字 : 行政主導，權力制衡，基本法，制約，監督